Namaeh Farhangistan

Namaeh Farhangistan

Hamzah in Persian language

Document Type : Original Article

Author
Mohammad Bijankhan
Professor, Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Literature, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
10.22034/nf.2025.482508.1346
Abstract
Hamze realizes phonetically under the influence of the phonological position, register and speed of speech and it is more subject to the deletion and weakening compared to the oral consonants. َ Phonetically, hamze is a voiceless glottal plosive and the constricted glottis is the only distinctive feature in its phonological description. This paper aims to present an integrated description and explanation for hamze allophones according to the optimality theory. To this end, hamze has been examined in five structural positions including the beginning of the word, between two vowels, syllable coda, the beginning of Persian and non-Persian morphemes in the compound words; considering three language varieties including formal and non-emphasized, formal and emphasized and informal. The key factor of hamze phonological processes was found to be the constraint of HavePlace, i e. “having an oral place of articulation”, which realizes phonetically through the processes of deletion, reduction and substitution. Grammar of hamze pronunciation is finally obtained for three language varieties in the form of ranking constraints and in the frameworks of the multiple grammar and partially ordered grammar. The constraint HavePlace has the lowest priority in the grammar of the emphasized and non-emphasized formal varieties which is faithful to hamze pronunciation, and has the highest priority in the informal variety which is unfaithful to hamze pronunciation.
 
Keywords
Hamza: harmony: having an oral place of production: language variety: multiple orders: regular partial orders

Subjects

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Namaeh Farhangistan
Volume 24, Issue 2 - Serial Number 96
Nameh Farhangestan (Iranian languages ​​and dialects)
May and June 2025
Pages 13-36

  • Receive Date 22 August 2024
  • Revise Date 07 September 2024
  • Accept Date 23 October 2024